Viking History - Recently Updated Pages

Medival Writers

Aegisdottír — Thu, 16 Aug 2007 01:07:53 CDT

Ari Thorgilsson (Íslendingabók c. 1125 - 1132)
? - Chronicle of the princes of Kievan Rus
? -The Waltham Chronicle
? - Domesday Book
? - Vita Ædwardi regis
? - Carmen de hastingae proelio c.1100
Sven Aggesen (Brevis Historia c. 1200)
Adam of Bremen (Gesta Hammaburgensis completed c. 1075)
Dudo (De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum c 1000)
Geoffrey Gaimar (Lestoire des Engles)
Henry of Huntingdon (Historia Anglorum or The History of the English people)
William of Jumièges (Gesta Normannorum ducum c.1070)
William of Malmesbury (Gesta Regum Anglorum c. 1100)
William of Poitier (Gesta Guillelmi c.1075)
Rimbert (Vita Anskarii c. 875)
Symeon (?) of Durham - Historia regum
Oderic Vitalis (Ecclesiastical History)
Widukind (Saxon Chronicle c. 968)
John of Worcester
Ibn Hawkal
Ibn Fadlan
Sigvat Thórdharson
Theodricus (Historia de antiquitate regum norwagiensium c. 1200)


• Anonymous	– The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle	See also:
	- Laxdaela Saga
	- Njal's Saga
	- Elene; Judith; Athelstan, or the Fight at Brunanburh; Byrhtnoth, or the Fight at Maldon; and the Dream of the Rood Anglo-Saxon Poems

• Einhard	- The Life of Charlemagne

• Saxo Grammaticus	- Gesta Danorum (or The Danish History)	See also: Online Medieval & Classical Library
• Snorri Sturluson (1179 - 1241)	- Heimskringla (or chronicle of the kings of Norway)
	– The younger Edda (Snorra Edda or Prose Edda)	See also: Northvegr Founation

Ari Thorgilsson (Íslendingabók c. 1125 - 1132)
Snorri Sturluson
Saxo Grammaticus (Gesta Danorum c. 1200)
Sven Aggesen (Brevis Historia c. 1200)
Adam of Bremen (Gesta Hammaburgensis completed c. 1075)
Dudo (De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum c 1000)
William of Malmesbury (Gesta Regum c. 1100)
Rimbert (Vita Anskarii c. 875)
Widukind (Saxon Chronicle c. 968)
Ibn Hawkal
Ibn Fadlan
Sigvat Thórdharson
Theodricus (Historia de antiquitate regum norwagiensium c. 1200)

Timeline

Aegisdottír — Wed, 15 Aug 2007 11:40:27 CDT


8.6.793	• raid on Lindesfarne (coast of Northumberland)
794	• raid on another northumbrian monastery (probably Jarrow)
795	• raids on monasterys of Skye, Iona (Heriden) and Rathlin (NE - coast of Ireland)
798
799	• first documented raid on europ. mainland (monasterys St. Philibert of Noirmoutier - Loire estuary)
802	• raid on Iona (burned down) • † Beorhtric (king of the West Saxons)

804
806	• raid on Iona
809	• king of Abodrits killed by king Godfreds men
810	• Danish fleet attacks Frisia
812	• † Hemming king of the Danes
817	• Ordinatio imperi
823	• archbishop Ebo's mission to Denmark
826	• Ansgar's first mission to Denmark
829/30	• Ansgar's first mission to Sweden (Birka)
832	• Svedes plunder Armargh (Irland)
834 - 837	• annual raids on Dorestad
835	• raid on Sheppey
836	• victory against the army of Wessex • raid on Ireland • monks of St. Philibert flee from Noirmoutier to the mainland
837	• Rus arrive at the court of Louis the Pius
838	• vikings winter in Ireland
839	• vikings attack the picts • vikings plunder the region around Lough Neagh
840	• † emperor Ludwig
	• vinking - fleet winter at Lough Neagh
841	• raid on the Seine valley • vinking fleet winter at Dublin
842	• Quentovic and Hamwick sacked
843	• Nantes sacked
844	• raids on Al-Andalus, Galicia and Toulouse • Lisbon, Cadiz, Seville, Medina Sidonia, Algeciras and Asilah sacked • raids on monasteries in irish midlands
845	• first Danegeld of France (7000 pd silver) • Hamburg sacked by Danes
849	• Périgneux sacked
851	• viking fleet winter at the Thames
	• first raidson Welsh coast • Anskar returns to Birka • viking fleet winter at the Seine valley
853	• attack on abbey of St. Martin (Tours) • viking winter at the Loire valley
854	• † Horik I "the Old" king of the Danes
859	• danish fleet attacks Nakur (N - Africa) • fleed of 62 ships, led by Hastein and Bjorn Ironsid, winter at Camargue • viking fleet acting in Somme valley
860	• Luna, Pisa and Fiesole sacked by the Camargue fleed • attack on Winchester by Somme Vikings • Rus attack Constantinople
861	• Camargue fleed sacked by spanish Muslim fleed
862	• Pamplona was sacked by the Camargue fleed • 20 surviving ship of the Camargue fleed sail back t the Loire
865	• attack on abbey of St. Benoit (Fleury) • Loire vikings burn down Poitiers • Great Army lands in East Anglia • † Anskar
866	• Great army attack York • Loire vikings sack Le Mans
867	• †Osbert king of Northumbria (killed) • Great Army leaves York and winters in Nottingham
869	• Great Army returns to East Anglia • † (20.11.) Edmund king of East Anglia
870	• Dublin vikings capture Dumbarton
871	• 04.01.871 - Battle of Reading [w] • † (april) king Aethelred • Great Army winters at London
873	• † Ivar "king of the Northmen"
874	• Great Army split up
875	• Cambridge vikings attack Wessex
877	• Cambridge vikings winter in Gloucester, take control of NE Mercia and begin to settle there
878	• vikings invade Wessex • Battle of Edington [w] • New Great Army assembles at Fulham (Thames) • New Great Army campaign in Meuse - Lower (Rhine) • vikings winter in Dyfed
879	• vikings, led by Guthrum, begin to settle East Anglia (• c. 879 † Riurik in Russia)
881	• raids on the Rhine velley (Aachen, Cologne, Lège, Utrecht ...)
885	• †Godfred (killed)
886	• vikings campaining and raiding in West Frankia (raids on Verdun, Toul, Troyes) until 888
890	• Seine vikings defeated by Bretons at St. - Lô
891	• (september) Battle of Leuven [w]
896	• † Sihtric (son of Ivar - killed)
899	• † Alfred the great
900	(• c. 900 Battle of Hafrsfjord)
902	• vikings expelled from Dublin
910	• 05.08.910 - Battle of Tettenhall [w]
911	• raid on Seine valley (led by Rollo)
915	• Battle of Corbridge I [w]
917	• Ragnalds fleet arrives at waterford • Sihtric gains control of Dublin
918	• Ragnald sacks Dunblane (Scotland) and defeats the English & Scots on the Thyne (Battle of Corbridge II [w] )
920	•† Ragnald
921	• vikings start settlement around Nantes
924	• † Edward the Elder
926	•
927	• † Sihtric II (Sigtryg) "the Caech" king of York
930	• foundation of the Althing in Iceland
931	• † Harald finehair king of Norway
932	• † Unni archbishop of Hamburg - Bremen (at Birka)
937	• Battle of Brunanburh [w]
939	• † Aethelstan • Olaf Guthfrithsson returns to Northumbria
954	• † Erik Bloodaxe (killed)
958	• † Gorm the Old (buried at Jelliing)
961	• raids on Wales (frequently until mid-11th-century) • † Hakon I the Good
962	• Iceland divide in quarters
973	• Harald I Bluetooth's invation of Notdalbingen
974	• Danes are defeated by Saxons (lost south Jutland incl. Heddeby)
975	• Foundation of Sigtuna
980	• viking raids on England again • bridge of Ravning is built (Vejle river - soth of Jelling)
981	• † Olaf Sihtricsson
983	• Danes recover south Jutland
985	(c. 985 • Greenland settlement starts)
987	• † Harald I Bluetooth

990	(c. 990 • Klastad ship is built)
991	• Battle of Maldon [w]
994	• viking fleed, led by Svein Forkbeard and Olaf Trygvason beats London and got 16 000 pound tribute
	• raid on Elbe valley
997	• annual raids on England until 1002
999	• Battle of Glenn Máma [w]
1000	• Battle of Svold [w] • † Olaf Tryggvason • icelanding Althing accepts christianity (c. 1000 • Vinland discovered)
1002	• Aethelred ordered a massacre of Danes living in England
1006	• large fleet invades England
1009	• Thorkel and his fleet campains in England
1012	• Thorkel's army takes Canterbury
1013	• Sven Forkbeard's England Invasion • (December) Æthelred II flee to France
1014	• † (3.2.) Sven Forkbeard (at Gainsborough) • Æthelred returns to England and attacks the Danes together with his son Edmund Ironside • Canute the Great withdaw and sails back to Denmark • 23.4. Battle of Clontarf [w]
	• Canute the Great lands in England with Thorkell the Tall und Erik of Hladhir and they witer at Poole Harbour
1016	• (may) Danish fleed arrives in Greenwich • (april) † Æthelred II • battle of Ashingdon • (18.10.) Edmund is defeated by Canute • (autum) Edmund und Cnut agreed to share the kingdom • (30.11) † Edmund Ironside (buried at Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset)
































1066	•20.09.1066 - Battle of Fulford [w] • 25.09.1066 - Battle of Stamford Bridge [w] • 14.10.1066 - Battle of Hastings [w]

Articles & News

Aegisdottír — Tue, 14 Aug 2007 09:12:19 CDT



14/08/2007	'World's biggest Viking ship sails into Isle Of Man on epic voyage' By Rose Shillito - 24 Hour Museum - UK http://www.24hourmuseum.org.uk/nwh_gfx_en/ART49699.html
14/08/2007	'Lasers to shed light on mysteries of Book of Kells' By David McKittrick, Ireland Correspondent - The Independent - UK http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2631537.ece
14/08/2007	'Modern Vikings sail replica in epic journey' By David Keys, Archaeology Correspondent - The Independent - UK http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article2856867.ece
12/08/2007	'Viking replica ship to arrive in Ireland' By Olive O’Brien - Sunday Business Post Ireland http://www.thepost.ie/post/pages/p/story.aspx-qqqt=IRELAND-qqqm=news-qqqid=25832-qqqx=1.asp
12/08/2007	'Russia’s Kaliningrad region re-lives Viking era' Russia Today http://www.russiatoday.ru/features/news/12338
08/08/2007	'New Viking graves discovered' By Cato Guhnfeldt - Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1911815.ece
03/08/2007	'Viking Treasure Presented At British Museum' Huliq http://www.huliq.com/29142/viking-treasure-presented-at-british-museum
28/07/2007	'Sea Stallion arrives in Inverie, Scotland' By: Tinna Damgård-Sørensen - Sail World http://www.sail-world.com/cruising/index.cfm?nid=36108&rid=11
20/07/2007	'Treasure hunters share £1m Viking hoard looted from round the world' By Maev Kennedy and Martin Wainwright - The Guardian - UK http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/heritage/story/0,,2130832,00.html
20/07/2007	'Father and son discover 10th century Viking hoard buried in field' By Arifa Akbar - The Independent - UK http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article2785479.ece
19/07/2007	'Family discovers Viking treasure' CNN - world http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/07/19/london.viking.reut/index.html
27/06/2007	'Museum to welcome home Viking ship' By Luke Cassidy - The Irish Times http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0627/breaking54.htm
23/06/2007	'The Return Viking ship to set sail again' Anne-Marie Walsh - Independent.ie http://www.independent.ie/national-news/the-return-viking-ship-to-set-sail-again-742374.html
16/06/2007	'Viking graves to be re-opened' By Cato Guhnfeldt - Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1826974.ece
13/06/2007	'Gullhögen Barrow Report On-Line' By Martin R. - Archaeology http://scienceblogs.com/aardvarchaeology/2007/06/gullhgen_barrow_report_online.php
09/06/2007	'Bodies from Viking ships to be exhumed' Imedinews http://www.imedinews.ge/en/news_read/44662
08/06/2007	'Revisiting Viking Myth on Island, Noman's Expedition Is Planned' By Jim Hickey - Vineyard Gazette http://www.mvgazette.com/news/2007/06/08/vikings_folo.php
06/06/2007	'Fundraisers aim to restore Viking longboats to river' By Sam Southgate - The Press http://www.thisisyork.co.uk/display.var.1449834.0.fundraisers_aim_to_restore_viking_longboats_to_river.php
05/06/2007	'More Viking treasure discovered on Gotland' The Local http://www.thelocal.se/7505/20070605/
05/06/2007	'Viking treasure invades Chester' By Sam - National Museums Liverpool Blog http://blog.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/VikingTreasureInvadesChester.aspx
05/06/2007	'Rural Myth of Viking Presence Endures' By Jim Hickey - Vineyard Gazette http://www.mvgazette.com/news/2007/06/05/viking_legend.php
03/06/2007	'Viking ship brings back memories' By John Ira Petty - Glaveston Daily News http://news.galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=deee5e77af59059
01/06/2007	'Be a virtual Viking: North Sea expedition to be on the web' Thor - Science Buzz http://www.smm.org/buzz/blog/be_a_virtual_viking_north_sea_expedition_to_be_on_the_web
01/06/2007	'Coastal erosion may wash away key sites, experts claim' Mark Latham http://www.shetlandtoday.co.uk/Shetlandtimes/content_details.asp?ContentID=22456
28/05/2007	'Biggest ever replica of Viking longship to sail from Denmark' By Jan M. Olsen - Associated Press - Pantagraph.com http://www.pantagraph.com/articles/2007/05/28/news/doc465a50d27ee75551170286.txt
26/05/2007	'Could I be a Viking?' By Charlotte Percival - The Press http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/display.var.1428810.0.0.php
21/05/2007	'Viking dream of 'dumb Norwegian' left its mark' By J. Shane Mercer - Post - Bulletin http://www.postbulletin.com/newsmanager/templates/localnews_story.asp?a=294783&z=2
21/05/2007	'Meet the Viking ancestors' By Sam Southgate - the Press http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/yorknews/display.var.1413182.0.meet_the_viking_ancestors.php
/05-06/2007	' The Viking Experiment' by Andrew Curry - Volume 60 Number 3, May/June 2007 - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/0705/abstracts/vikings.html
26/03/2007	'Viking woman had roots near the Black Sea' Reporter: Cato Guhnfeldt / English Web Desk: Nina Berglund Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1709020.ece
/03-04/2007	' Iceland's Unwritten Saga' by Zach Zorich - Volume 58 Number 4, July/August 2005 - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/0703/abstracts/iceland.html
06/03/2007	' 'Viking' gold ring finds new home' BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/north_east/6422957.stm
23/02/2007	'Viking or not, that's got to really hurt' The Press http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/search/display.var.774475.0.viking_or_not_thats_got_to_really_hurt.php
17/02/2007	'Viking adventure leads back to Noggin' Kate Lock - The Press Presshttp://www.yorkpress.co.uk/search/display.var.1200803.0.viking_adventure_leads_back_to_noggin.php
09/02/2007	'Preview: Howard Spencer-Mosley, Park And Raid walks, February 14 to 17' The Press http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/search/display.var.1183418.0.preview_howard_spencermosley_park_and_raid_walks_february_14_to_17.php
10/01/2007	'Vikings prepare to invade again during annual festival' By Sam Southgate - The Press http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/search/display.var.1112041.0.vikings_prepare_to_invade_again_during_annual_festival.php
08/01/2007	'New Viking treasures found' English Web Desk: Nina Berglund/NTB Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1592947.ece
05/01/2007	'2007 Jorvik Viking Festival' The Press http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/search/display.var.1105838.0.2007_jorvik_viking_festival.php
03/01/2007	New centre will dispel Viking myths By James Savage - The Local http://www.thelocal.se/5982/20070103/
28/12/2006	'Vestfold wants Viking ships' English Web Desk Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1583270.ece
20/12/2006	'Viking ships bound for new waterfront museum' English Web Desk: Nina Berglund/NTB Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1577406.ece
29/09/2006	'Discovery proves that Viking York was not just the home of tradesman' By Tom Stirling - The Press http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/search/display.var.944921.0.discovery_proves_that_viking_york_was_not_just_the_home_of_tradesman.php
30/10/2006	'Sensational Viking find' Reporter: Nina Lødemel / English Web Desk: Jonathan Tisdal Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1514474.ece
30/10/2006	'Gotland, Sweden' National Geographic News http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/11/photogalleries/wip-week2/photo3.html
17/10/2006	'Viking ship found in Larvik' English Web Desk Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1498902.ece
16/10/2006	'Viking ships on the move' Reporter: Sveinung Berg Bentzrød / English Web Desk: Nina Berglund Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1497571.ece
07/09/2006	'Overview: The Vikings, 800 to 1066' By Professor Edward James - BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/overview_vikings_01.shtml
06/09/2006	'Viking find in Østfold' English Web Desk/NTB Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1447966.ece
17/07/2006	'Viking ship replica made it to Oslo after all' English Web Desk Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1390507.ece
10/07/2006	'Viking ship replica too big for the Oslo Fjord' English Web Desk: Nina Berglund Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1384279.ece'
/03-04/2006	'Hitler's Willing Archaeologists' By Heather Pringle - Volume 59 Number 2, March/April 2006 - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/0603/abstracts/nazis.html
17/02/2006	'York pupils learn the Norse code at 2006 Viking festival' The Press http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/search/display.var.774483.0.york_pupils_learn_the_norse_code_at_2006_viking_festival.php
03/02/2006	'Vikings Filed Their Teeth, Skeleton Study Shows' Stefan Lovgren for National Geographic News http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0203_060203_viking_teeth.html
28/02/2005	'Ancient Texts as "Fossils": How They Survive' Stefan Lovgren for National Geographic News http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/02/0228_050228_manuscripts_2.html
--/--/2005	'Jorvik: The Viking City of York' by Brenda Ralph Lewis - TimeTravel http://www.timetravel-britain.com/05/May/jorvik.shtml
20/12/2004	'Archaeologists strike gold in secret spot' Reporter: Cato Guhnfeldt / English Web Desk: Nina Bergl und Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article934339.ece
/11-12/2004	' Viking Surprises' Volume 57 Number 6, November/December 2004 - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/0411/newsbriefs/viking.html
24/08/2004	Viking find gets the kid glove treatment National Museum of Ireland http://www.museum.ie/news/details_news.asp?sPressType=0&newsid=197
27/07/2004	'New Viking-era grave called 'sensational' ' English Web Desk/NTB Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article836907.ece
12/07/2004	'Viking discovery spurs big bill' English Web Desk: Nina Berglund/NTB Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article826737.ece
05/06/2004	'Viking ship builder passes on his trade' Reporter: Cato Guhnfeldt / English Web Desk: Nina Berglund (2004) Aftenposten http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article822753.ece
07/05/2004	' "Sagas" Portray Iceland's Viking History' Stefan Lovgren (2004) for National Geographic News http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0507_040507_icelandsagas.html
17/02/2004	'Vikings' Barbaric Bad Rap Beginning to Fade' Stefan Lovgren (2004) in Stockholm, Sweden for National Geographic News http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0217_040217_vikings.html
/01-02/2004	' Kensington Runestone Goes to Sweden' by Kristin M. Romey - Volume 57 Number 1, January/February 2004 - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/0401/newsbriefs/runestone.html
/01-02/2004	'Television: Hordes of Fun' by Kristin M. Romey - Volume 57 Number 1, January/February 2004 - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/0401/reviews/hordes.html
01/01/2004	'The Oseberg find 100-year anniversary - The great adventure in norwegian archaeology' http://www.khm.uio.no/utstillinger/oseberg/indexE.html
/11-12/2003	'Viking Hoard' by Jarrett A. Lobell - Volume 56 Number 6, November/December 2003 - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/0311/newsbriefs/viking.html
/03-04/2003	'Viking Portraits in Stone?' by Colleen P. Popson - Volume 56 Number 2, March/April 2003 - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/0303/newsbriefs/vikings.html
22/11/2002	'Viking Chess or Hnefatafl' BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A856451
01/11/2001	'How do we know about the Vikings?' By Gareth Williams - BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/evidence_01.shtml
01/11/2001	'The Cuerdale Hoard' By Gareth Williams and Leslie Webster - BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/cuerdale_01.shtml
01/11/2001	'Viking Food' By Russell Scott - BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/food_01.shtml
01/11/2001	'Viking Religion' By Gareth Williams -BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/religion_01.shtml
01/11/2001	'Viking Money' By Gareth Williams - BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/money_01.shtml
01/11/2001	'Eric Bloodaxe' By Gareth Williams http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/bloodaxe_01.shtml
01/10/2001	'Viking Dig Reports' BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/dig_reports_01.shtml
01/10/2001	'The Viking Revival' By Professor Andrew Wawn - BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml
01/10/2001	'Viking Women' By Judith Jesch - BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/women_01.shtml
01/07/2001	'Viking Colonists' By Dr Anna Ritchie - BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/colonists_01.shtml
01/07/2001	'Loot and Land' By Dr Anna Ritchie - BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/loot_01.shtml
01/07/2001	'Alcuin of York' By Dr Anna Ritchie - BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml
/11-12/2000	'Gorm the Old Goes Home' by Mark Rose - Volume 53 Number 6, November/December 2000 - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/0011/newsbriefs/gorm.html
/07-08/2000	'At the Museums: Three Cheers for the Vikings' by Judith Lindbergh - Volume 53 Number 4, July/August 2000 - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/0007/abstracts/museum.html
28/02/2000	'The Fate of Greenland's Vikings' by Dale Mackenzie Brown - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/greenland/
06/05/1998	'Oldest Bridge in Ireland' by Ben Keene - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/irish.html
/01-02/1998	'Sinking Viking Ship?' by Tom Bjornstad - Volume 51 Number 1, January/February 1998 - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/9801/newsbriefs/viking.html
29/07/1997	' Viking Ship in Russian Waters' by Giovanni Lattanzi - Archaeology http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/viking.html

Home

Aegisdottír — Mon, 13 Aug 2007 05:44:40 CDT

This site treats the time from late 8th to 11th century.
Viking Time is mostly defined by the time from the plundering of the monastry of Lindesfarne in 793 to the battle of Hastings in 1066. This time will be our general condition.

But don't forget: Vikings were also acting in earlier times, for examle: the Swedes established at Staraja Ladoga in the middle of the 8th century, Norwegian Vikings were attacking Portland in 789 and later: the last Danish invasion of England in 1075, Magnus Barelegs (Kg. o. Norw.) was killed while he was raiding Ulster in 1103.......

Viking-History@gmx.net

Law

Aegisdottír — Thu, 05 Jul 2007 11:45:49 CDT

• The Anglo-Saxon Dooms, 560-975
• Ruskaia Pravda

Other Texts

Aegisdottír — Thu, 05 Jul 2007 10:40:00 CDT

History of the English People - Vol. I	(Project Gutenberg)
King Alfred of England
An illustrated history of Ireland from A.D. 400 - 1800
A history of english literature
The Kiltartan history book
A popular history of Ireland
Early kings of Norway

Sagas

Aegisdottír — Thu, 05 Jul 2007 09:12:58 CDT

Saganet - icelandic medieval literature
Northvegr Foundation

Runestones

Aegisdottír — Thu, 05 Jul 2007 08:57:53 CDT

Runenprojekt Kiel

Runes found in the eastern viking

Embroidery

Aegisdottír — Fri, 29 Jun 2007 17:16:16 CDT

Embroidery from the tenth century viking grave at Mammen / DK

Chainmail

Aegisdottír — Wed, 27 Jun 2007 02:09:00 CDT

By Chad Parker

"Chainmail or Maille as is probably more accurate, has been around for centuries, and from the various sources I have checked out, it seems to have first been developed in Northern France. Rusted masses of iron links have been found in Celtic graves in the United Kingdom, so we know the Celts used it. The Romans acquired it from the Celts during their occupation of the British Isles probably sometime during the First Century A.D." ...

"The original idea behind Maille was to provide a mesh of metal that a warrior would wear to prevent penetrating weapons such as swords or spears. Modern day uses for Maille include butcher's gloves and aprons, and shark suits worn by SCUBA divers when diving with these animals. A couple of characteristics that maille has however, make it fun to incorporate into jewelry designs. First, when you handle some maille, the first thing you notice is that it is fun to touch, because of its unique ability to sort of roll off of your skin. In other words, the mesh is just plain fun to play with. The second characteristic is that the mesh creates a repeating pattern that is pleasing to the eye. It can be used to make bracelets, belts, necklaces, and many other types of adornment. It can be made from just about any metal that is flexible enough to bend as well. When I was attending college, I was interested in medieval history, and in particular, weapons and armor of the time, so I researched and learned how to make maille. For a while, I made steel belts and bracelets and consigned them at a local trendy store to make a little extra cash, but sort of quit doing it once I was finished with college. This being a metalworking site, and maille being the sort of metalwork that could be incorporated into jewelry designs, I decided to create an online class that demonstrates how to make it.

Supplies and Tools

Strong side cutters, or a jump ring making setup.

Vise grips.

Two pairs of sturdy pliers.

Gloves.

Steel dowel of the diameter you wish your rings to be.

Wire.

	You will need a sturdy pair of side cutters. I bought this pair years ago at Walmart for about $3.00 after first trying several different name brands. Each of the name brand cutters' tips broke after about 100 rings were cut with them. They need to have very strong tips, as that is the only part you really use for making chainmail. If you are using a metal other than steel, you will probably want to use a jeweler's saw or a jump ring maker for cutting rings so the ends are neater.
This is another $2.00 to $3.00 item you will need. Again, you won't need a name brand.
	You will need a couple pairs of pliers. When making chainmail from steel, I use two pairs of needle nose pliers with teeth, as the steel is hard enough to bend to require a better grip. When using precious metal, you can probably skip using pliers with teeth.
You may want to use a glove when winding the rings.
	I have found that the type of steel dowel that can be obtained at your local hardware store for about $2.00 works great for creating the rings. I believe that this one is 5/8 inch in diameter. I have also used 1/4 inch diameter before. You could use any number of other cylindrical objects in different diameters if you desire different sized rings.
The wire I used for these rings is 12 or 14 guage electric fence wire. It is galvanized, so it won't rust. Depending on the size of rings you want, you can use various sizes of wire. As I said before, You can use any metal for this you want.
Examples
	This and the next few pictures are examples of chainmail projects in progress. This first one is a coif that is not finished. A coif would be worn over a padded skull cap and is designed to protect the head and neck. Notice that the pattern in this is larger and larger concentric circles.
This is a close up of the standard 4 in 1 pattern typically used for chainmail.
	Here is a partially completed shirt of chainmail. It is approximately 1/3 finished if that, and it has about 5-6000 rings. When finished, it would weigh about 50 pounds.
This piece is made from premade brass jump rings.
Steps
	The first thing you need to do is to cut off a piece of wire appropriate to your needs. The piece I used here is about 8 or 9 feet long. Your next step is to bend the end around your dowel so the curve of the wire matches it.
Next, adjust your vise grips so that they will hold the wire tightly to the dowel.
	Next, put on your glove, and brace the dowel against something solid. Using your thumb to guide how the wire lays down, begin spinning the dowel using the vise grips for leverage. Try to create a uniform spring without gaps if you can.
Spin the dowel until all of the wire is wrapped.
	Slide your spring off of the dowel.
cut off the end where the vise grips held it to the dowel.
	If you are using a jeweler's saw, you will start cutting off rings here. Try to keep the blade as close to the end sticking out as possible to create uniform rings.
When making steel chainmail, I use side cutters. Side cutters generally have the blade closer to one side than the other. I press the side with the blade against the previously cut end to make the most uniform rings. Snip off only one ring at a time for consistancy.
	When cutting steel, you may find your hand getting tired pretty quickly. It takes quite a bit of pressure.
Here I have finished the entire spring, and am ready to move to the next step. When I got to the end, I trimmed off a small unusable portion.
	This is what the each of the rings should look like.
Using your two pairs of pliers, you should spread open some of the rings.
	For the others, you should grasp each end with a pair of pliers, and then push the ends past each other to create a slight springiness. After this, pull them back and line up the two ends.
Check to make sure that ends are closed, and try running your finger over the gap to check to see that the ring doesn't have any catches.
	You can use the needle nose pliers to correct roundness and alignment.
The first pattern we will do is called 4 in 1. It is probably the most common and traditional style. Once you have made rings of both types, select one open ring and 4 closed rings.
	Hang all four closed rings on the open one.
Close that ring in the same manner that you closed the others, including checking for alignment and roundness. Lay it down like this.
	Next, get one more open ring and two closed rings, and hang the closed ones on the open ring just like you did before (of course this time you only have 2 hanging).
Pushing the hanging rings to the side, hook the open ring through the end two closed rings. Make sure when you do this that the open ring will be laying in the same position as the first center ring once you close it. Close this loop as before.
	This is what it should look like when you lay it back down and arrange it. Note that the outside rows are angled one direction, while the middle row is angled in the opposite one.
continue this pattern until you have a piece of chainmail as long as you like. At this point, you could make it into a bracelet or something else, but if you want to make it into a sheet of chainmail, read on.
	Start on one end, and using an open ring, hook it through two of the closed rings, making sure that when you close the ring, it will lay like the original center row.
Move one ring farther, and repeat this process.
	Repeat this step again and again until you reach the end.
Now there are four rows. The more rows you have, the more it will hold its shape.
	Next we will do 8 in 1. You can also do 6 in 1 if you want, but the concept is the same. The more rings you put through each center ring, the tighter it looks when done. Here I have looped 8 rings on the first open ring.
Just as before, arrange on a surface so the rings lay like shown.
	Grab an open ring and loop it through the last three rings on each side, making sure that when you close it up, it will lay in the same direction as the other center ring.
Add two more closed rings to this, and close up the ring.
	Lay it back down, and arrange it this way again. It should look like this.
Again, loop an open ring through the last 6 rings and add two more before closing it.
	It should look like this now.
Repeat this process until you have a strip of chainmail of the size you want. You can make multiple rows in just the same way you did on the 4 in 1 pattern if you like.
	I've found that the 8 in 1 pattern makes an almost snakelike strip of chainmail which works well for belts and bracelets. Enjoy experimenting with this technique."

With permission of Chad Parker - Spacial thanks!

© Chad Parker 2000 - ‘Making Chainmail‘
http://users.frii.com/dnorris/maillearmor.html
19/07/2007

ASK

Fire-welding

Aegisdottír — Fri, 22 Jun 2007 01:49:39 CDT

_________________
• Isentosamballerer

Nålbinding

Aegisdottír — Thu, 21 Jun 2007 11:47:56 CDT

What is Nålbinding

"Nålbinding is a textile technique that uses a single, eyed, needle to create fabric by sewing non-continuous lengths of thread in a fashion that in its most basic form is a series of buttonhole stitches and in more complex forms are threaded together.
In Nålbinding, the thread is not pulled tight against itself forming a hard knot, but the stitches are
tensioned, often around a thumb or needle, leaving a meshwork of interlocking loops of thread. Except in those forms that look like crossed knitting, it does not unravel like knitting or crochet as the thread is drawn entirely through each stitch.
The resulting fabric is generally built spiraling up row by row and can be very elastic or quite stiff depending on the variation and material used.
Nålbinding can be used to make a number of different items. Most often used for mittens, socks, hats, milk strainers, and bags, it can, however, be used to make many different objects. Unfortunately many archaeological nålbinding finds are just fragments so their original use is often obscured if not unknown."

(text from SigridKitty page)

Viking - Age - Stitches

Stitch	Hansen - classification	Excavations	Remark
Danish stitch	O / UO
Mammen stich	UOO / UUOO	• Mammen 10th century	also called "Korgen stich"
Oslo stich	UO / UOO	• Novgorod - early 10th century • Iceland - 10th century • Lund - early 11th century • Oslo - 11th century
York stich	UU / OOO	• York - c. 970 A.D.